Method: A comprehensive search was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Springer Link databases in the last 10 years. All studies reporting OCT/OCTA parameters in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and multiple sclerosis (MS) were selected based on inclusion criteria, with the focus being on autoimmune diseases affecting retinal layers.

Results: Fifteen eligible studies met the criteria. The results of each study indicated significant retinal neurodegeneration, including thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), damage to the photoreceptor layer, and microvascular changes. No direct correlation was found between retinal layer damage and disease activity in some studies.

Conclusion: Retinal neurodegeneration is a crucial yet underrecognized consequence of autoimmune diseases. OCT and OCTA offer promising diagnostic tools for early detection and monitoring. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to establish clearer clinical guidelines and therapeutic interventions for preventing autoimmune-related vision impairment. Keywords : neurodegeneration, autoimmune disease, retinal nerve fiber layer, optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography